HYPERLINK "../Honors227/Images/10_5.jpg"Figure 5. The bottom line is, everything that happened on the moon happened on the Earth, said David Kring, crater expert and team leader for Center for Lunar Science and Exploration. First, the impactor rushes toward the surface. Individual craters are degraded or destroyed over time by erosional processes and further cratering. This, however, requires chemical equipment and apparatus that is unavailable in this lab. Apart from the distinct role rarefactions waves play in the formation of the excavation flow field, they are especially relevant geologically. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? This especially concerned also the vaporization of the impactor by shock-induced temperatures and, at that time, let the mining engineers helpless when they did not encounter the expected 50 m-diameter iron meteorite beneath the floor of the Barringer (Meteorite) crater. The larger size gives the foliation a slighly shiny appearance. 21. <>
As lower levels of the lava start to cool, they are also pulled . Justify your answer. How can you tell? Computations suggest craters that were formed by a low-density projectile are flatter and have distinctly larger diameter ratios (compared to the above-mentioned one-to-ten ratio of projectile and crater diameter). Earth and the other planets are constantly bombarded by tiny debris from space, much of which burns up in the atmosphere. 5. Reuyl, an early Hesperian crater, provides evidence for diverse fluvial events; Alluvial fans, channels, orthogonally superposed deposits, fan deposits with incised channels, and large deposits suggest fluvial activity; Two sinuous ridges associated with the alluvial fan on the crater floor are the oldest features of fluvial origin The crater is 2 kilometers (about 1 mile) wide. The Moon lacks water, an atmosphere, and tectonic activity, three forces that erode Earth's surface and erase all but the most recent impacts. Erosion is the dominant geologic process acting on Mars today. : Cf Cf @U ' 8 L D # 8 ^ r ( u u u # # # # # # # $ $ r' -# u u -# B# u" u" u" # u" # u" u" w" " pW 0 {" " X# 0 # " ( ( " ( " l u Z @ u" 4 C l u u u -# -# ! American Geological Institute, Alexandria, VA, 788 p.
Igneous rocks are rocks that solidify from molten material (magma). (Viking MDIM Volume 4)
15. 1). Kaali Crater Field. Jackson (eds. The result is a "bubbly" appearance. Sand is clasts between 1/16 and 2 mm in size, and gravel is greater than 2 mm. 4 0 obj
The dark brown to black color is the most obvious characteristic. 13 0 obj
Here is a look at the violent, battered past of the . The image to the left is a very simple, bowl shaped crater on the Moon and is typical of small craters that have formed relatively recently. The rock is composed entirely of glass. 1}bRX12AMAWQe'=u"tP]]!|SdX"uk3&~m?B?_OuG+ s6S
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"+.m Inclusion, Diversity, Equity & Accessibility (IDEA). The more mass it has the bigger the impact. 4. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 5)? Explain why you believe this is so. e. Reuyl Crater Central Peak, as seen by HiRISE. - Lunar and Planetary Institute 18. Hailstones and even raindrops may produce on harder ground small craters as well (Fig. Near the footprint in the above picture, you can see many small "pock-marks." These marks are the craters made by microscopic particles that hit the surface moving at speeds of several kilometers per second. This image shows the variations in the gravity field near the buried impact crater. 20. <>
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What are the different kinds of craters? Lastly, pyroclastic texture is composed of volcanic fragments. What is the diameter of the large crater towards the bottom of the image? 8 0 obj
The crater has been extensively eroded, but is believed to originally have been as much as 300 kilometers (185 miles) across. The legend is shown at the bottom with different units or features present within the crater. Obsidian is volcanic glass which erupts as a lava flow. It has some of the clearest water in the world, and the bottom lies nearly 2,000 feet below the surface, making it the deepest lake in the United States.You can gaze down on it from lookouts along the Rim Drive, part of the 500-mile-long Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway.Or you can peer into its depths during a boat tour to Wizard Island (formed by a more . The crater was created instantly when a 50m, 150,000-ton meteor slammed into the desert about 50,000 years ago. Fig. | Measure and record the diameter of Olympus Mons. }v)He|/7rw9>{W9qM~Zs.|9q7_9'o2p3kie V;\UXF}w1l`p!U,9#H{wx 0 ~
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A projectile (like the small plastic sphere) produced the crater in a laboratory hypervelocity impact experiment. The Vredefort impact crater, about 100 kilometers (60 miles) from Johannesburg, South Africa, was formed just a little over 2 billion years ago. In the beginning debate about meteorite craters (about one hundred years ago), astronomers believed the many craters on the Moon were volcanic. Reuyl, Dirk. Measure and record the width of the Ius Chasma. Free essays, homework help, flashcards, research papers, book reports, term papers, history, science, politics Beware that even though an igneous rock may have a felsic composition (light color), the rock can contain dark colored minerals. Download Planetary_Geology PDF for free. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. The largest impact basin on the Moon is 2500 kilometers (1550 miles) in diameter and more than 12 kilometers (7 miles) deep. Determination of this information is not easily accomplished in this lab. More about these experiments can be read on the Chiemgau impact website where a hypervelocity impact video may be downloaded. Which is larger, and by how much? Thus, if a valley cuts through a crater, the crater must be older. Explain your answer. Describe the appearance and orientation of the windstreaks. Anthracite coal is generally shiny in appearance and breaks with a conchoidal fracture (broken glass also shows this type of fracture). And of course there's the lake itself. Fig. Ma'adim Vallis is the channel in the southeast part of the photograph, marked C. Which of the four processes do you think formed Ma'adim Vallis? The polar caps shrink during local summer and grow during local winter. Halite has a hardness of 2.5 and cannot be scratched by a fingernail (unpolished fingernail). )y&bS_jW+|z6ADS FZM+q&+rVim#yHNO 8tU#T.f-[`of=XzuEvr+Ll[fXt
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UGs@wc Compare the size of Ius Chasma and its tributaries to the size of the Grand Canyon of Arizona (approximate length=175 km and maximum width=29km). Both minerals are composed of carbon (C). Enormous collapse calderas are found on the summits of each of the volcanoes. Tenoumer Crater. If windstreaks are dust deposits formed downwind from the craters, what wind direction is indicated here? The extreme environmental shifts caused a mass extinction of 75% of Earth's species, including the dinosaurs. What process do you think formed Reuyl crater (marked B on Figure 11.5)? Some of this tiny debris makes it to Earth's surface and is mixed with soil and ocean sediment. 10 12 exemplify typical terrestrial structures. 3 0 obj
More about the doublet crater. Southern cratered highlands. On a world with an atmosphere, the object is heated by friction with the blanket of air. The dark basins can be seen by the naked eye. Further identification of non-foliated rocks is dependent on the composition of the minerals or components in the rock. ( ) + 2 3 i r M N g h p q r s t Note the remarkable difference to the crater-projectile ratio in Fig. In an introductory level lab it is impossible for us to determine these two aspects of a mineral. Justify your answer. . This process is comparable to the transition from alluvial fan to debris flow-like evidence reported in the Harris crater, . They are typically filled with impact rocks (impactites) in the form of impact melt rocks,suevitesand different kinds ofbreccias. Quite a few interesting questions may remain open. 6. Barringer Crater (Meteor Crater) in Arizona, United States, is a simple crater created when a 50-meter-wide (160-foot-wide) iron-rich meteroid struck Earth's surface about 50,000 years ago a very recent event to a geologist. An extensive blanket of ejecta covers the area around the rim. Explain how you can tell. At some time in their life nearly every girl, boy (and adult) has thrown pebbles or cobbles into mud and watched nice round form. Larger impacts also still occur, but these are much more rare. Determine and record the diameter of the caldera structure (include the over all caldera structure in this measurement). The classification of metamorphic rocks is based on the minerals that are present and the temperature and pressure at which these minerals form. We see that shock wave and rarefaction wave propagation are essential in the formation of a meteorite impact crater. And although these are abundant on the . Craters can be used to determine the relative ages of Martian surface materials; in general, older surfaces have craters which are more numerous, larger, and more degraded than those on young surfaces. The now existing bowl-shaped structure surrounded by an uplifted rim and a blanket of ejected material is termed the transient crater obviously indicating a continuation of the impact cratering process arriving in the modification stage. How looks an impact crater that was produced by an oblique impact? Impact craters are relatively shallow, so these "dents" in Earth's rocky . 17. Diameter 290 km. Larger craters can have terraces, central peaks, and multiple rings. 11. Consider the relationship between Ma'adim Vallis and Gusev, the 160 km diameter . Moon craters are formed by volcanism and cratering. (Hint: remember that wind direction refers to the direction from which the wind blows.) 1. The model crater developed a nice central peak as well as terraced margins. A very rough rule of thumb amounts to the order of a one-to-ten diameter ratio. 20. Gneissic banding is the easiest of the foliations to recognize. A bowl-shaped simple crater (Wolfe Creek, Australia, 900 m diameter). Craters come in two flavors: those that aren't caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. When a meteor makes it through Earths atmosphere without burning up, it strikes the ground faster than the speed of sound. The Moon does not. When first we see images of the famous one-kilometer (0.75-mile) bowl-shaped Barringer meteorite crater in Arizona (Fig. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. 8. The Measurer should measure from the ground to how high the rock is, and ask the Recorder to write down that height under the heading "Meteor 1, Trial 1". eige6 Justify your answer. As a rule of thumb, older surfaces have been exposed to impacting bodies (meteoroids, asteroids, and comets) for a longer period of time than younger surfaces. b.The process that I think formed apollinaris patera is Volcanism, this is because of its characteristics, such as the radial flow patterns, and basal scarp, a craters, large flow trending to the south, and the less complex caldera.. c.The process that I think formed Reuyl crater, is an Impact, the reason for this is by the ejecta pattern and central peak. Craters of the Moon is a large lava flow field with cinder cones, spatter cones, lava tubes, volcanic bombs and tree molds. It is composed of alternating bands of dark and light minerals. Sand and dust particles carried by the wind form dunes and windstreaks. endobj
Sinuous Ridge Materials in Reuyl Crater. xZms|fl d;NrHIM. In the following, these three stages are illustrated and described in a somewhat simplified manner. 4) What process do you think formed Apollinaris Patera, marked A? What would happen if a loosely bound impactor such s this were to strike Earth? (Viking MDIM Volume 4)
13. Ius Chasma, part of the Valles Marineris system. It was declared a national monument by President Calvin Coolidge in 1924. Mafic compositions are poor in silica, but rich in iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg). Astronomy Gift Shop: http://www.astronomydvd.com/shop.aspx How were the Moon's craters and maria formed? What are some of Earth's famous impact craters? <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
Fig. Igneous Rock Identification ChartCOMPOSITION
\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\
TEXTURE\\\\\\\FelsicIntermediateMaficUltramaficPegmatiticGranite PegmatiteDiorite PegmatiteGabbro PegmatitePhaneriticGraniteDioriteGabbroDuniteAphaniticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltPorphyriticRhyoliteAndesiteBasaltGlassyObsidianBasaltic GlassVesicularPumiceScoriaPyroclasticVolcanic Tuff
Composition of igneous rocks is properly identified by determination of the rocks chemical composition. Whereas volcanic craters arise from deep inside the planet, impact craters originate in outer space. Give evidence for your answer. 11 0 obj
Mercury and the Moon are covered with impact craters; their surfaces are very old. It is the oldest and largest impact crater recognized on Earth's surface. If the crater turns out to be gravity-dominated, this lends evidence to the theory that the comet's nucleus consists of porous, pristine, unprocessed material, and that the comet formed . <>
Vesicular texture is formed when lava solidifies before gases are able to escape. 9 0 obj
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Were still searching for a clue to deduce that.. This icy bedrock is potentially unstable, and some impact craters may relax or fade away to unrecognition due to water ice's volatility and weak but strongly temperature dependent rheology. They concluded this from the already mentioned prevailing frequency of oblique impact trajectories leading in the majority, in their opinion, to craters of elliptical shape. Although temperatures below freezing and low atmospheric pressures do not allow liquid water on the surface of Mars today, erosion processes involving running water were important on Mars in the past. 18. (Viking mosaic P-17698)
9. Three processes help Earth keep its surface crater free. Very large impact craters greater than 300 kilometers (185 miles) across are called impact basins. Lake Toba in Sumatra, the largest volcanic structure on Earth, is an example of an enormous caldera that has filled with water over time. Fig. Fortunately, these two aspects determine a mineral's physical properties. The first is called erosion. Here again, the difference is obvious: In the case of cobble-into-mud or raindrop impacts the craters are not much larger than the projectile (Fig. The excavation stage ends on release from shock and when the displacements by excavation cavity formation and downwards/sideward compression reach an end. T U ; = B } ~ x z h_X B*
CJ ph h_X B* ph Multi-ring basin Mona Lisa on Venus. Craters come in two flavors: those that arent caused by asteroids or comets, impact craters, are formed by powerful volcanic explosions. The same chemical composition, but two different crystalline structures - therefore, two different minerals. Image from the Viking Orbiter, courtesy of the Lunar and Planetary Institute. stream
Fig. 12. The large number of craters in this region indicates that this part of the Moon is quite ancient. When an asteroidal or cometary object strikes a planetary surface, it is traveling typically at several tens of kilometres per secondmany times the speed of sound.A collision at such extreme speeds is called a hypervelocity impact. At the edges of lunar maria, there are often damaged walls of craters formed before the maria. Image credit: NASA. Once these two characteristics have been identified, the Igneous Rock Identification chart can be used to help identify the rock name. Its features, such as the ejecta blanket beyond its rim, are well preserved because of the crater's youth; it has not experienced extensive erosion. Different chemical compositions result in different minerals. It has a raised rim around the edge, and nice, sharp features. This new crater candidate with fluvial morphological units preserved on the floor lead to understand the nature of fluvial processes . 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