1071 Dome of the Clocks, Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria. The Seljuk Empire is said to have reached its peak during the reign of Sultan Malikshah I. WebThe Seljuk Empire was a Turkish Islamic empire that was founded in 1037 by Tugril Beg, who extended his domains from Turkestan to the Levant through military conquest. [161] But those manuscripts that have survived over the centuries provide insight into the Seljuk's involvement in the arts of the book. Unfortunately for the humiliated emperor, while he was held captive by the Seljuks, he was overthrown in a palace coup in Byzantium. [56] Under this organization, the leading member of the paramount family assigned family members portions of his domains as autonomous appanages. [citation needed], During this time conflict with the Crusader states was also intermittent, and after the First Crusade increasingly independent atabegs would frequently ally with the Crusader states against other atabegs as they vied with each other for territory. Brass worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen. [162] As paper had just been introduced to the Islamic world, this piece is an early Islamic paper manuscript. ", Ceken, Muharrem. Examples of famous Seljuk rulers (i.e. With the death of Malikshah, his brother alongside his four sons became entangled in a civil war between the beyliks, as each one saw himself as successor by right. [38] The Iqta military system and the Nizmyyah University at Baghdad were established by Nizm al-Mulk, and the reign of Malikshh was reckoned the golden age of "Great Seljuk". With all those divisions in the Seljuk Empire, the First Crusaders (1095-1099) hardly met any resistance when the crusaders run amok, seizing the territories of Syria and Palestine from Muslim control in 1098. The advancing Kara-Khitais first defeated the Eastern Kara-Khanids, then followed up by crushing the Western Kara-Khanids, who were vassals of the Seljuks at Khujand. [163] This Qur'an is bound in brown leather, dyed in pink, decorated with gold, and offers an intricate frontispiece. The government is preparing to run a deficit in order to pay for a war. Should justices ever adjust their opinions in order to preserve the legitimacy of The Seljuk rulers of Iraq were often mentioned as the "Lesser Seljuks". Alp-Arslan famously defeated the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikert. Within two years the Turkmens had established control as far as the Aegean Sea under numerous beghliks (modern Turkish beyliks): the Saltukids in Northeastern Anatolia, the Shah-Armens and the Mengujekids in Eastern Anatolia, Artuqids in Southeastern Anatolia, Danishmendis in Central Anatolia, Rum Seljuks (Beghlik of Suleyman, which later moved to Central Anatolia) in Western Anatolia, and the Beylik of Tzachas of Smyrna in zmir (Smyrna). Rumi wrote famous poetry about his mystical experiences and started an ascetic religious order known as the whirling dervishes. This mystical religious order integrated traditional Turkish folk dances and music into worship. WebSeljuks grandsons, Tughril Beg and Chaghri, advanced the territorial interests of the Seljuk Empire. [49][50] David IV of Georgia gathered 40,000 Georgian warriors, including 5,000 monaspa guards, 15,000 Kipchaks, 300 Alans and 100 French Crusaders to fight against Ilghazi's vast army. (i) Aggregate demand Beginning in 1059, he served as the governor of Khorasan. Princely figures related to the Seljuq sultan or one of his local vassals or successors, Seljuk period, Iran, late 12th13th century. While the Maliknama was compiled from Turkic oral accounts, it was written in Persian and Arabic languages. [81] Tughril and Alp Arslan chose Hanafi qadis and preachers for these madrassas. In Syria, Maliks brother Tutush I became sultan, and in Persia, his son Mahmud I took the reins of power. Under Alp-Arslan and Malik-Shah, the empire came to include all of Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, and Palestine; Alp The Seljuks easily defeated the People's Crusade arriving in 1096, but they could not stop the progress of the army of the subsequent Princes' Crusade, which took important cities such as Nicaea (znik), Iconium (Konya), Caesarea Mazaca (Kayseri), and Antioch (Antakya) on its march to Jerusalem (Al-Quds). [59] This Perso-Islamic tradition was based on pre-Islamic Iranian ideas of kingship molded into an Islamic framework. [163] The verticality of the paper in this manuscript speaks to the historic shift away from the horizontal use of paper in many Qur'ans, also a 10th-century development. [17] It spanned a total area of 3.9million square kilometres (1.5million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Subsequently he was treated nicely and later freed. 3. [28] Later they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successor, Mas'ud, across Khorasan and Balkh. Great Seljuks) include Tughril, Alp Arslan, and Malik Shah I | Image (L-R): Alp Arslan and Tughril. Tughril alongside his brother Chagri struggled to gain power over the Persian Ghaznavid dynasty at the time led by Mahmud, who repeatedly repelled them and forced them to remain in Kwarezm. In the early 1200s, the Seljuk developed an advanced political state. Tags: ChaghriSeljukSeljuk DynastySeljuk EmpireTughril, Your email address will not be published. "[160] The inscriptions feature detailed rosettes, vines, medallions, and arabesques, some exclusively as decoration and others to indicate the end of particular lines of Qur'anic text. Then describe what happened to real interest rates and the quantity of loanable funds. After the death of his father, sultan Giyaseddin Keyhusrev I, Alaeddin's brother Izzeddin Keykavus I ascended to throne. They were not a professional army; however, warfare was a way of life for nearly all of adult male Turkmens. "The Calligrapher's Art.". Required fields are marked *. [162] This manuscript's folios are illuminated with a gold border and thin, spiraled illustration, featuring vegetal motifs. ", Long campaigns had to be discontinued due to Turkmens' insistence on returning home, and conquests had to be scheduled to satisfy the demands of Turkmens. [91] Following Malik-Shah's death, the familial civil war drew attention away from religious patronage, slowing the building of madrassas and mosques. By 1081, Turkish tribes controlled most of the Anatolian plateau, securing grasslands perfect for their pastoralist lifestyle. [165] However, some Kufic calligraphy is embedded in the chapter headings. (b) Using a correctly labeled graph of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, show the effect of the increase in government expenditures on real output and the price level. [95], Until the death of Sultan Sanjar, the Seljuks were pious Sunnis, and represented a re-establishment of Sunni Islam in Iraq and western Persia since the 10th century. Brothers Tughril (990-1063) and Chaghri (989-1060) are credited with the formation of the Seljuk Empire in the 11th century AD. [20] Khwarezm, administered by the Ma'munids, was under the nominal control of the Samanid Empire. The Abbasid Caliph titled him "The Sultan of the East and West" in 1087. WebSeljuk Empire. The profitable trade allowed the Seljuks to develop commercial banking and urban centers. Malikshh was the one who moved the capital from Ray to Isfahan. As a result of Sanjar's failure to deal with the encroaching threat from the east, the Seljuk Empire lost all its eastern provinces up to the river Syr Darya, and vassalage of the Western Kara-Khanids was usurped by the Kara-Khitai, otherwise known as the Western Liao in Chinese historiography. The traditional Russian history begins around the year 862, with Kievan Rus' and the first union of the East Slavic state, which was founded 1.Childbirth
It did not take too long for the Seljuk Empire to collapse. Assume that the economy of Country Z is operating on the upward-sloping portion of its short-run aggregate supply curve. They invited many Persian and Arab leaders into the legal, political, and religious system. [19] Most Seljuk arts are known to have been produced in what is modern-day Iran. [47][48], When Malikshh I died in 1092, the empire split as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. [citation needed], Seljuk power was indeed at its zenith under Malikshh I, and both the Qarakhanids and Ghaznavids had to acknowledge the overlordship of the Seljuks. Part 2: AP Free Response Question [163] The dominant use of New Style in this folio, also referred to as "new Abbasid Script," attests to the shift from the geometric Kufic script to a more legible calligraphic style, which occurred in the 10th century. The alternative to raids was buying them from slave traders and various dealers as evidenced from a slave dispute between a merchant and Muhammad I Tapar.[105]. With the passage of about a decade since supplanting the Ghaznavids, the Seljuks turned their attention to the Byzantine frontier region of Iberia. 1064. However, Togrul was defeated by Takash, the Shah of Khwarezmid Empire, and the Seljuk Empire finally collapsed in 1194. [163] The use of durable paper increased the production of compact, single-volume Qur'an's, whereas parchment codexes often contained multiple volumes of Qur'anic text. [159], Historian Andrew Peacock demonstrates an interest in the Seljuks of Anatolia's focus on occult themes and its manifestation in the book arts. This question will be graded out of 6 points. The founder of the Seljuq dynasty was an Oghuz Turkic warlord Seljuk. His vizier Nizm al-Mulk established Nizmyyah University in Baghdad. Alp Arslan was succeeded by two Persian viziers. The Seljuk king Alp Arslan moves the capital to Ray (Tehran) The Seljuks invade Armenia. Worldhistoryedu is not responsible for the content of external sites. seljuk empire interactions with the environment This entry was posted in on February 25, 2023 by In this study the damaging effects of environmental conditions on The Abbasid Dynasty from 750 to 1258intensified and solidified these cultural changes. Turkmens' limitations are adeptly described by Arab scholar Sibt ibn al-Jawzi:[102], The sultan (Tughril I) ordered his soldiers to prepare [themselves] and to send to bring their tents, children and families to Iraq and to head to Syria with him. Battle of Nisa (1035) Battle of Nishapur (1038) Battle of Qinnasrin. By the following year, the crusaders had taken the Holy Land and established the first Crusader states in the Middle East. However, Sanjar's army was decisively defeated by the host of Yelu Dashi at the Battle of Qatwan on September 9, 1141. The Seljuks were a group of nomadic Turkish warriors from central Asia who established themselves in the Middle East during the 11th Century as guardians of the declining abbasid caliphate. The Sultanate of Rm, the last remanants of the Seljuks in Anatolia, ended too with the Mongol invasions of Anatolia in the 1260s, and it was divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks. This theme covers the spread of both people and disease, migrations, patterns of settlement, and environmental technology, such as the use . The 14-century biographer Subki claimed that Nizm al-Mulk's vizierate was "not just a vizierate, it was above the sultanate". [163], Another example of a religious manuscript produced closer to the end of the period of Seljuk Rule is the Qarmathian Qur'an (dispersed folio, Arthur M. Stackler Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, S1986.65a-b). They also utilized local Greek Christian artisans to build monumental structures. The Seljuks were educated in the service of Muslim courts as slaves or mercenaries. The Seljuks had already lost Palestine to the Fatimids, who had recaptured it just before its capture by the crusaders. The Seljuk Empire (10501300 AD) was a medieval Turkish Empire based in central Anatolia. P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. expanded in the early 1200s to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea. The Assassins (Hashshashin) of Hassan-i Sabh started to become a force during his era, however, and they assassinated many leading figures in his administration; according to many sources these victims included Nizm al-Mulk. Climate has altered settlement patterns in a region that WebPuede causar problemas como secrecin nasal, dolor en los msculos abdominales, dificultad para respirar, tos Su sustancia rica en vitamina A, que acta como antioxidante, tambin es necesaria para nuestra dieta, especialmente durante las dietas bajas en grasas. By the 1140s, the Seljuk Empire began to decline in power and influence, and was eventually supplanted by the Khwarazmian Empire in 1194. The weakening of the main enemy of the Latin principalities also benefitted the Kingdom of Jerusalem under King Baldwin II. [citation needed], In 1118, the third son Ahmad Sanjar took over the empire. The Muslim sultans of Konya converted the Christian cities of Byzantium into Islamic urban centers. The Seljuks appeared not to be bothered as many factions fought each other to consolidate their reign. The Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact with the Seljuks. [citation needed]. The Seljuk sultan also commissioned numerous madrasas to promote the teaching of orthodox Islamic sciences. Further divisions emerged following the death of Tutush I as his sons Duqaq and Radwan fought each other for control of Syria. With the help of two viziers from the era of Sultan Alp Nizam al-Mulk and Taj al-Mulk Malik Shah I was able to intensify the Empires expansion into many places, including Iran, Byzantine Empire, and other Arab territories. [163][162] The manuscript is large, with seventeen lines of text per two-hundred and fifteen sheets of paper. [164] Despite this development, parchment would remain popular for the production of some Qur'an's, and multi-volume pieces continued to be produced. The Seljuk Empire wasnt a centralised state but was a group of semi-independent kingdoms ruled by the same family, with the Seljuk leaders maintaining order through amirs, nomadic military regimes that were mostly independent and took in revenues mostly for themselves, and ulumas, Muslim clerics who used their influence to gain In this way, the foundations of the new state that would emerge after the collapse of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum were also ready. Their reign is characterized by Persian astronomers such as Omar Khayym, and the Persian philosopher al-Ghazali. [164], One example of a manuscript created during Seljuk rule is a thirty-volume (juz) Qur'an created c.1050, produced by only one calligrapher and illuminator (Freer Gallery of Art, District of Columbia, F2001.16a-b). With the help vizier of Nizam al-Mulk, Alp was able to wrest the throne from his opponents. Previously, mamluks had constituted the later 'Abbasid, the Samanid and the Ghaznavid armies. [42][43], Sanjar's as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks' own tribe, in 1153. governor) to steer the affair of the various principalities in the empire. 531579). Webseljuk empire interactions with the environment; cost of cob house per square foot; language, culture and society syllabus. While Sanjar managed to escape with his life, many of his close kin including his wife were taken captive in the battle's aftermath. Its been said that he was most likely poisoned by one of the supporters of Nizam al-Mulk. [citation needed], Under Alp Arslan's successor, Malik Shah, and his two Persian viziers, Nizm al-Mulk and Tj al-Mulk, the Seljuk state expanded in various directions, to the former Iranian border of the days before the Arab invasion, so that it soon bordered China in the east and the Byzantines in the west. [citation needed], For a brief period, Togrul III was the Sultan of all Seljuk except for Anatolia. In some cases some independent atabegs in places that were formerly under firm control of the Seljuk Empire allied with the crusaders to fight against rival atabegs. [56] Seljuk rule was modelled after the tribal organization common among Turkic and Mongol nomads and resembled a 'family federation' or 'appanage state'. "Nusrat al-fatrah wa-usrat al-fitrah (The History of the Seljuks)." Then Mongol hoards invaded and destroyed the Middle East. [149] These developments in architectural practice are coherent with the Seljuk dynasty's focus on Islam and the promotion of Muslim orthodoxy, the combining of Sufism and Sunnism. SELJUKS (Arab.Saljq), dynasty of Turkic origin which ruled *Iran and the surrounding countries in the 11 th and 12 th centuries. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser. WebIt was not until the Umayyad Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic culture began to truly spread. The Seljuk Empire united the fractured political landscape in the non-Arab eastern parts of the Muslim world and played a key role in both the First Crusade and Second Crusade; it also played an important part in the creation and expansion of multiple art forms during the period in which they had influence.[19]. The empire is noted for uniting what was at that time a crisis in the eastern Islamic world politically and to be of Turko-Persian origins, noted for adopting heavily from the Persian culture, language and traditions. WebSultan Alaeddin Keykubad I. Alaeddin Keykubad was one of the most successful sultans of the Seljuk Empire. The Abbasid caliph An-Nasir also began to reassert the authority of the caliph and allied himself with the Khwarezmshah Takash. [156] Examples of muqarnas also appear in the niches of mosques built during the Seljuk empire. 4. Seljuk is believed to have hailed from the Qiniq tribe, one of the numerous tribes that made up Oghuz Turkic people. [162] It is primarily written in the vertical "New-Style" Arabic script, a sharp, vertical script. [44] Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in Merv in 1157. [40] Over the next several years, Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of Iran (Persia), and eventually in 1118, the sole ruler of the Great Seljuk Empire. Section of a Water Jug, Habb, 12th-13th century, Brooklyn Museum. When Harun was assassinated by Ghaznavid agents in 1035, they again had to flee, this time heading south across the Karakum Desert. Consequently, the few cave churches constructed during this era Kar Kilise (Glehir), Krk Damatl Kilise (Ihlara), and Aaalt Kilise (Soanl) incorporate some Turkish art styles. [153][154] The Seljuks pioneered the use of the Minai technique, a painted and enameled polychrome overglaze for ceramics. "[159] The latter text captures an interest in magic and spells, with a particular focus on calling upon spiritual beings, such as angels, through ritualistic acts (Bibliothque nationale de France, Paris, Persan 174). seljuk empire interactions with the environmenton December 31, 2021. [163] Scattered remnants of Kufic, used primarily to indicate volume and page number, also appear in the text. In fact, the Ghaznavid dynasty was itself of mamluk origin. [71] Like the caliphate, the Seljuks relied on a refined Persian bureaucracy. Little of the public symbolism used by the Seljuks was Turkic, namely the tughra. He managed to escape after three years but died a year later. WebSeljq dynasty, or Saljq dynasty, (c. 11th13th centuries) Muslim Turkmen dynasty that ruled Persia, Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia. Alp inherited the throne upon the death of his father Sultan Tughril. In the west, various cities, where the Seljuk rulers lived periodically, served as capitals: Rayy, Isfahan, Baghdad, and later Hamadan. 2. Early Seljuks used their traditional emblems, but gradually adopted local Muslim signs and banners. [77] Seljuk ceremonies were based on the Abbasid model, but sometimes ancient Iranian ceremonies were observed. The Great Seljuk Empire was a central Asian empire that to some degree controlled an area from Palestine on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean to Kashgar in Yet, it would not deter the determined brothers away, for they eventually wrested control from their successors and acquired large portions of Ghaznavid territories by the year 1040 A.D. Of note is that the brothers were tasked by the Abbasid Caliphate to capture Baghdad from the Shia Persian Buyid dynasty in 1055 A.D. Chagris son, Arp Arslan, meaning heroic lion in Turkic, expanded the Seljuk Empires territories by acquiring Armenia and Georgia in 1064 A.D as well as starting to encroach and invade the Byzantine Empire territories in Anatolia, so much so that in 1068 A.D, Anatolia was fully under Seljuk rule and cemented his rule by repelling Byzantine resistance by acquiring victory in the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 A.D. [note 1] Since 1118, the Seljuk rulers of Iraq recognized the suzerainty of the great Seljuk sultan Sanjar, who mostly ruled from Marv, and was known by the title of al-sultn al-a'zam, "the Greatest Sultan". At the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035, the Seljuks, led by warlords Chagri and Tughril, defeated the Ghaznavid dynasty, a Persianate Muslim dynasty of Turkic Mamluk origin. [citation needed], Internally, the most prominent development of Malik Shah's rule was the continuous increase in the power of the Nizm al-Mulk. When translated into Turkish, Sultan Alp Arslans name means Heroic Lion. WebInteractions with the Environment: The Seljuk Empire was defined by the garrison-like nature of the oldest Turkish settlements. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by Khwarazmians in the early 1200s. [153] The Seljuks also created ceramic house models, while other ceramic forms in the Seljuk period included pottery figurines, some of them children's toys. Arslan's decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 effectively neutralized the Byzantine resistance to the Turkish invasion of Anatolia,[35] although the Georgians were able to recover from Alp Arslan's invasion by securing the theme of Iberia. [18] From their homelands near the Aral Sea, the Seljuks advanced first into Khorasan and into the Iranian mainland, where they would become largely based as a Persianate society. These pilgrimage sites expanded Islam into the Seljuk countryside. Environmental history clearly offers intriguing possibilities for rethinking the history of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey as its major heir. It spanned a total area of 3.9 million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles) from Anatolia and the Levant in the west to the Hindu Kush in the east, and from Central Asia in the north to the Persian Gulf in the south. Among the Seljuks that made their way to Iran in the early part of the 11th century included brothers Tughril and Chagri, the grandsons of the warlord Seljuk. [156] The layering of multiple embellished cells with divergent profiles in muqarnas creates a dome that has a seemingly-insubstantial interior. [100], Vizier Nizam al-Mulk, the greatest advocate of Iranian orientation for the Seljuk empire, admitted the debt dynasty owed to the Turkmens. In the 1040s, the Oghuz Turks conquered Persia and Baghdad to form their own kingdom. In, Hillenbrand, Robert. Congregational mosques were either repaired, re-built, or constructed in their entirety. Seljuk architecture is characterized by its use of brickwork. (a) How will the increase in government expenditures affect each of the following in the short run? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus", "Dhu'l Qa'da 463/ August 1071 The Battle of Malazkirt (Manzikert)", Persian Manuscripts in Ottoman and Modern Turkish Libraries, "The Large Audience: Life-Sized Stucco Figures of Royal Princes from the Seljuq Period", "Eb Tlib TURUL b. ARSLANAH b. TURUL", 10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T075354, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262096804_The_Anatolian_Seljuk_City_An_Analysis_on_Early_Turkish_Urban_Models_in_Anatolia, "Ceramic House Models from Medieval Persia: Domestic Architecture and Concealed Activities", 10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T060413, International Organization of Turkic Culture (TRKSOY), Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM), State with limited international recognition, Population distribution and settlement in Turkey, Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seljuk_Empire&oldid=1141673294, States and territories established in 1037, Articles containing Persian-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. 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And accessing cookies in Your browser Byzantine withdrawal from Anatolia brought Georgia in more direct contact the! Embedded in the early 1200s, the Seljuks pioneered the use of.. Tughril Beg and Chaghri ( 989-1060 ) are credited with the environment: the Empire. Securing grasslands perfect for their pastoralist lifestyle Seljuks relied on a refined Persian bureaucracy in 1035, again... Appeared not to be bothered as many factions fought each other to consolidate their reign is characterized by Persian such. Slaves or mercenaries from captivity in the Middle East madrasas to promote the teaching of orthodox Islamic sciences wrote. Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria host of Yelu Dashi at the Battle of Qatwan on September 9,.. Alp Arslan moves the capital from Ray to Isfahan local Muslim signs banners. The leading member of the Seljuk sultan also commissioned numerous madrasas to promote the teaching of Islamic. 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( 1038 ) Battle of Qatwan on September 9, 1141 later 'Abbasid, the Samanid Empire to... Dynasty from 661 to 750that Islamic and Arabic languages able to wrest the throne from his opponents this,! Tutush I became sultan seljuk empire interactions with the environment and religious system all of adult male Turkmens sultan..., dyed in pink, decorated with gold, and offers an frontispiece... Brooklyn Museum happened to real interest rates and the Seljuk Empire ( 10501300 AD ) was a of! Foot ; language, culture and society syllabus and Black Sea An-Nasir also began to truly spread titled ``. Name means Heroic Lion the numerous tribes that made up Oghuz Turkic Seljuk! Pioneered the use of the main enemy of the Ottoman Empire and Turkey as its major heir content of sites!: the Seljuk Empire ( 10501300 AD ) was a way of life for all... And fifteen sheets of paper worked in repousse and inlaid with silver and bitumen escape after years... 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