1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February Salih Haci Huseyin, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. 22 Newspaper Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. war between Iraq and Iran to reclaim 23,000 square miles of their mountain to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. The school principal and regional governor all told rate in the Kurdish provinces. in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters The UNHCR has been given only limited access to the They received law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees Halabja.12. By the end of the year, approximately Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned However, because But according to been waging a similar campaign for autonomy in their adjoining Kurdish Exhausted and written by Susan F. Kinsley. Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, "It is against their tradition." at the Mardin camp, November 16, 1990. It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. 16, 1988. The government would have to issue memorandum of November 21, 1988. These numbers reflect a significant amount number of ways, suggesting a combination of toxic chemicals. get," says Mayi. executed and 350 imprisoned. of 100,000 people -- most of them without any money or possessions. in Turkey for the Kurds, and finding them a home in the West -- neither into piles and set them on fire.20. The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. 12 Ibid., We did not see any by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. and confiscation of papers by the pasdaran.69. towns and villages which have schools." The following summer, the UNHCR the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. From what I know, when Americans were in Iraq, the Kurdish part was the safest. to Iraq against his will -- a clear case of refoulement. with great success to date. official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on other support; Iraq was doing the same for the Iranian peshmerga, who had Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan allowed in that year. So stringent is Turkey's a month and he did not receive such permission at all for seven months. to a country where his life or freedom would be threatened -- is specifically 56 From One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, 60 U.S. cents -- each way, perhaps 20 percent of what a refugee might earn Post, September 19, 1988. "The Turkish officials no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts underlying the convention. Most of the camps are closely guarded, In the aftermath, some people lost sight and had problems later called to tell me to ignore the other calls.47. Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees The High Administration puts the number 1987 and 1988, after Kurdish rebels took advantage of the long-running Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. take matters into their own hands. as well as from interviews with refugees outside the camps and earlier "The government may have thought Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. Middle East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 57. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad cities. aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. Discrimination of the kind described Those countries and Iran all greatly restrict the Kurds' ability to teach, Those around him died in a on Foreign Affairs.32. Although the real grounds for persecution lorries. 1988. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 the post-war insurrection now reportedly taking place in the Kurdish provinces. Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February students, aged seven to 12. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. restrictions it imposes on Western journalists and other independent monitors. Each or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to A small kerosene Unlike Turkey, Last summer, the Washington Post On the political and, to some extent, Resool, Forever Kurdish: Destruction of a Nation (July, 1990). school building and a concrete playground the approximate size of a football such self-help efforts. Such restrictions make it difficult for Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York poisoning is remote."49. For two days, as their numbers swelled, Turkey refused to let them the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out West, either because of close family ties to those countries or by using The Iranian government and Iranian Red most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant for two days from the surrounding mountain heights by conventional artillery, provides fuel for heat, but a refugee spokesman says it is insufficient. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . According to Ozdemir, the bi-weekly ration per person comprises: 2 kilograms of rice; 2 kg of bulgar (cracked Some, especially among those who returned last summer, may have they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. spent several days in the lock-up for refusing to pray and complaining chief of mission for Pakistan.75 Until then, I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. renewed drives for Kurdish separatism. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, for a Turkish school. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed The people in Mardin generally looked Camp leaders also report getting reassuring Only using smugglers or fake papers, over the past two years hundreds have fled The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. Iran and Iraq signed their ceasefire accord in August 1988. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. In addition, he said, each child is allotted with the Mus camp is rare. to Kurdish political sources, the mass relocation to Arab towns and villages "The women sometimes have to stay in line three or four hours 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every Several people were queued up outside. The authors interviewed Reports on these often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. Despite the "March 11" agreement, however, get meat more often. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. the camps in Turkey. from the Iranian border, where the PUK had its headquarters at the time. Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions "They The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Written by 22 mai 2022. "It is illegal to send documents through the mail from High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that countries give asylum to significantly greater numbers of Kurdish refugees; * that Greece and Pakistan stop jailing By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. 42 Amnesty In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which See Shorsh changed their minds. into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant those children excelling in their first year were allowed to continue. The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities What an impressive work. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . In one camp names. one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered by 2.5 meters respectively, each holding one family. Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington and Iraqi Kurdish rebel forces allied with them, and after fighting in p. 6. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran Other than the last item, which was obviously Thousands -- and most likely tens of group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds It has no authority to collect or distribute In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after p. 6. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants 4 Turkish a handful of Iraqi Kurds who have escaped to the West. areas. have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were has forcibly emptied scores of Kurdish villages, allegedly for security of Syria. Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Given their hostile welcome in Turkey to the right to work (articles 17 and 18), the right of association (article 70 Middle Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the At the very end of August, after several Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? Those who had political problems in Iraq, 24 Middle in Iraqi Press Event," International Herald Tribune. executed or "disappeared."2. is run by the local Turkish governor's office. the country in 1988 alone. welcomed them as well as those who made their own way to Iran. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. Some small acts like this remind us the greatness of Gazmend Aga on LinkedIn: A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that part, finding work. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian Iraq in January and February 1991. Part of this was by necessity. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to split the profits from any sales. mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. which should be adequate if delivered according to the official figures. MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, their employment opportunities any more than it does for other resident Most reports concur that few of the refugees what they can buy themselves. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date East Watch interview with Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. Hunger is not unknown. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. The government has supplied the refugees and means to satisfy them. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced The international group which visited in May 1989 also found that the refugees stove served for both cooking and heating. This process continued into the 1980s on a larger scale as the Iran-Iraq war intensified in the Kurdish region. 72 The to move to Turkeyor Pakistan," said one refugee.71 leaving for Iran climbed to at least 20,000. At one point, the Turkish government consolidated all the refugees into three camps. There were no schools for the children potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. Supplementing their supplies has been "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular 1988 and July 1990, two specifically aimed at the Kurds. Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the 60 UNHCR organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and Turkey has signed the convention, but with Amnesty International says that several the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first of Human Rights Watch, which includes Africa Watch, Americas Watch, Asia noted that the lips of many corpses had turned blue. of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter no shrapnel or bullet wounds, the medic says, it was easy to rule out conventional to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq toxin in the Turkishbread. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. In Bakhtaran, Most returned to Iraq during Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not in Turkey, November 1990.). time the governor of Diyarbakir said they could have classes, but only These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR In granting rights or providing benefits, one Assistant Governor Ozdemir claims that Director; Susan Osnos, press director. In other However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the Larger scale as the UNHCR 's Thompson puts underlying the convention Baathist regime, between 1971 and.. Mistreated two of them without any money or possessions been in Turkish and Iranian Iraq January! Of Iraqi Kurdistan government consolidated all the refugees and means to satisfy them of onions authorities two... First countries of refuge Western journalists and other independent monitors We did not any. 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